[文章作者:张宴 本文版本:v1.2 最后修改:2008.01.02 转载请注明出处:http://blog.zyan.cc]
我曾经写过一篇文章──《初步试用Squid的替代产品──Varnish Cache网站加速器》,但当时仅仅是用着玩,没做深入研究。
今天写的这篇关于Varnish的文章,已经是一篇可以完全替代Squid做网站缓存加速器的详细解决方案了。网上关于Varnish的资料很少,中文资料更是微乎其微,希望本文能够吸引更多的人研究、使用Varnish。
在我看来,使用Varnish代替Squid的理由有三点:
1、Varnish采用了“Visual Page Cache”技术,在内存的利用上,Varnish比Squid具有优势,它避免了Squid频繁在内存、磁盘中交换文件,性能要比Squid高。
2、Varnish的稳定性还不错,我管理的一台图片服务器运行Varnish已经有一个月,没有发生过故障,而进行相同工作的Squid服务器就倒过几次。
3、通过Varnish管理端口,可以使用正则表达式快速、批量地清除部分缓存,这一点是Squid不能具备的。
下面来安装Varnish网站缓存加速器(Linux系统):
1、创建www用户和组,以及Varnish缓存文件存放目录(/var/vcache):
2、创建Varnish日志目录(/var/logs/):
3、编译安装varnish:
4、创建Varnish配置文件:
输入以下内容:
这里,我对这段配置文件解释一下:
(1)、Varnish通过反向代理请求后端IP为192.168.0.5,端口为80的web服务器;
(2)、Varnish允许localhost、127.0.0.1、192.168.0.***三个来源IP通过PURGE方法清除缓存;
(3)、Varnish对域名为blog.zyan.cc的请求进行处理,非blog.zyan.cc域名的请求则返回“Zhang Yan Cache Server”;
(4)、Varnish对HTTP协议中的GET、HEAD请求进行缓存,对POST请求透过,让其直接访问后端Web服务器。之所以这样配置,是因为POST请求一般是发送数据给服务器的,需要服务器接收、处理,所以不缓存;
(5)、Varnish对以.txt和.js结尾的URL缓存时间设置1小时,对其他的URL缓存时间设置为30天。
5、启动Varnish
6、启动varnishncsa用来将Varnish访问日志写入日志文件:
7、配置开机自动启动Varnish
在末尾增加以下内容:
8、优化Linux内核参数
在末尾增加以下内容:
再看看如何管理Varnish:
1、查看Varnish服务器连接数与命中率:
2、通过Varnish管理端口进行管理:
用help看看可以使用哪些Varnish命令:
3、通过Varnish管理端口,使用正则表达式批量清除缓存:
(1)、例:清除类似http://blog.zyan.cc/a/zhangyan.html的URL地址):
(2)、例:清除类似http://blog.zyan.cc/tech的URL地址:
(3)、例:清除所有缓存:
4、一个清除Squid缓存的PHP函数(清除Varnish缓存同样可以使用该函数,无需作任何修改,十分方便):
附1:Varnish官方网站:http://www.varnish-cache.org/
附2:2007年12月10日,我写了一个每天0点运行,按天切割Varnish日志,生成一个压缩文件,同时删除上个月旧日志的脚本(/var/logs/cutlog.sh):
/var/logs/cutlog.sh文件内容如下:
设置在每天00:00定时执行:
我曾经写过一篇文章──《初步试用Squid的替代产品──Varnish Cache网站加速器》,但当时仅仅是用着玩,没做深入研究。
今天写的这篇关于Varnish的文章,已经是一篇可以完全替代Squid做网站缓存加速器的详细解决方案了。网上关于Varnish的资料很少,中文资料更是微乎其微,希望本文能够吸引更多的人研究、使用Varnish。
在我看来,使用Varnish代替Squid的理由有三点:
1、Varnish采用了“Visual Page Cache”技术,在内存的利用上,Varnish比Squid具有优势,它避免了Squid频繁在内存、磁盘中交换文件,性能要比Squid高。
2、Varnish的稳定性还不错,我管理的一台图片服务器运行Varnish已经有一个月,没有发生过故障,而进行相同工作的Squid服务器就倒过几次。
3、通过Varnish管理端口,可以使用正则表达式快速、批量地清除部分缓存,这一点是Squid不能具备的。
下面来安装Varnish网站缓存加速器(Linux系统):
1、创建www用户和组,以及Varnish缓存文件存放目录(/var/vcache):
/usr/sbin/groupadd www -g 48
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /var/vcache
chmod +w /var/vcache
chown -R www:www /var/vcache
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /var/vcache
chmod +w /var/vcache
chown -R www:www /var/vcache
2、创建Varnish日志目录(/var/logs/):
mkdir -p /var/logs
chmod +w /var/logs
chown -R www:www /var/logs
chmod +w /var/logs
chown -R www:www /var/logs
3、编译安装varnish:
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/varnish/varnish-1.1.2.tar.gz
tar zxvf varnish-1.1.2.tar.gz
cd varnish-1.1.2
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/varnish
make && make install
tar zxvf varnish-1.1.2.tar.gz
cd varnish-1.1.2
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/varnish
make && make install
4、创建Varnish配置文件:
vi /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf
输入以下内容:
引用
backend myblogserver {
set backend.host = "192.168.0.5";
set backend.port = "80";
}
acl purge {
"localhost";
"127.0.0.1";
"192.168.1.0"/24;
}
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
if (!client.ip ~ purge) {
error 405 "Not allowed.";
}
lookup;
}
if (req.http.host ~ "^blog.zyan.cc") {
set req.backend = myblogserver;
if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD") {
pipe;
}
else {
lookup;
}
}
else {
error 404 "Zhang Yan Cache Server";
lookup;
}
}
sub vcl_hit {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
set obj.ttl = 0s;
error 200 "Purged.";
}
}
sub vcl_miss {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
error 404 "Not in cache.";
}
}
sub vcl_fetch {
if (req.request == "GET" && req.url ~ "\.(txt|js)$") {
set obj.ttl = 3600s;
}
else {
set obj.ttl = 30d;
}
}
set backend.host = "192.168.0.5";
set backend.port = "80";
}
acl purge {
"localhost";
"127.0.0.1";
"192.168.1.0"/24;
}
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
if (!client.ip ~ purge) {
error 405 "Not allowed.";
}
lookup;
}
if (req.http.host ~ "^blog.zyan.cc") {
set req.backend = myblogserver;
if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD") {
pipe;
}
else {
lookup;
}
}
else {
error 404 "Zhang Yan Cache Server";
lookup;
}
}
sub vcl_hit {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
set obj.ttl = 0s;
error 200 "Purged.";
}
}
sub vcl_miss {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
error 404 "Not in cache.";
}
}
sub vcl_fetch {
if (req.request == "GET" && req.url ~ "\.(txt|js)$") {
set obj.ttl = 3600s;
}
else {
set obj.ttl = 30d;
}
}
这里,我对这段配置文件解释一下:
(1)、Varnish通过反向代理请求后端IP为192.168.0.5,端口为80的web服务器;
(2)、Varnish允许localhost、127.0.0.1、192.168.0.***三个来源IP通过PURGE方法清除缓存;
(3)、Varnish对域名为blog.zyan.cc的请求进行处理,非blog.zyan.cc域名的请求则返回“Zhang Yan Cache Server”;
(4)、Varnish对HTTP协议中的GET、HEAD请求进行缓存,对POST请求透过,让其直接访问后端Web服务器。之所以这样配置,是因为POST请求一般是发送数据给服务器的,需要服务器接收、处理,所以不缓存;
(5)、Varnish对以.txt和.js结尾的URL缓存时间设置1小时,对其他的URL缓存时间设置为30天。
5、启动Varnish
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/varnish/sbin/varnishd -n /var/vcache -f /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf -a 0.0.0.0:80 -s file,/var/vcache/varnish_cache.data,1G -g www -u www -w 30000,51200,10 -T 127.0.0.1:3500 -p client_http11=on
/usr/local/varnish/sbin/varnishd -n /var/vcache -f /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf -a 0.0.0.0:80 -s file,/var/vcache/varnish_cache.data,1G -g www -u www -w 30000,51200,10 -T 127.0.0.1:3500 -p client_http11=on
6、启动varnishncsa用来将Varnish访问日志写入日志文件:
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/varnish.log &
7、配置开机自动启动Varnish
vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/varnish/sbin/varnishd -n /var/vcache -f /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf -a 0.0.0.0:80 -s file,/var/vcache/varnish_cache.data,1G -g www -u www -w 30000,51200,10 -T 127.0.0.1:3500 -p client_http11=on
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/youvideo.log &
/usr/local/varnish/sbin/varnishd -n /var/vcache -f /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf -a 0.0.0.0:80 -s file,/var/vcache/varnish_cache.data,1G -g www -u www -w 30000,51200,10 -T 127.0.0.1:3500 -p client_http11=on
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/youvideo.log &
8、优化Linux内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000
再看看如何管理Varnish:
1、查看Varnish服务器连接数与命中率:
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishstat
2、通过Varnish管理端口进行管理:
用help看看可以使用哪些Varnish命令:
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishadm -T 127.0.0.1:3500 help
引用
Available commands:
ping [timestamp]
status
start
stop
stats
vcl.load
vcl.inline
vcl.use
vcl.discard
vcl.list
vcl.show
param.show [-l] []
param.set
help [command]
url.purge
dump.pool
ping [timestamp]
status
start
stop
stats
vcl.load
vcl.inline
vcl.use
vcl.discard
vcl.list
vcl.show
param.show [-l] []
param.set
help [command]
url.purge
dump.pool
3、通过Varnish管理端口,使用正则表达式批量清除缓存:
(1)、例:清除类似http://blog.zyan.cc/a/zhangyan.html的URL地址):
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishadm -T 127.0.0.1:3500 url.purge /a/
(2)、例:清除类似http://blog.zyan.cc/tech的URL地址:
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishadm -T 127.0.0.1:3500 url.purge w*$
(3)、例:清除所有缓存:
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishadm -T 127.0.0.1:3500 url.purge *$
4、一个清除Squid缓存的PHP函数(清除Varnish缓存同样可以使用该函数,无需作任何修改,十分方便):
附1:Varnish官方网站:http://www.varnish-cache.org/
附2:2007年12月10日,我写了一个每天0点运行,按天切割Varnish日志,生成一个压缩文件,同时删除上个月旧日志的脚本(/var/logs/cutlog.sh):
/var/logs/cutlog.sh文件内容如下:
引用
#!/bin/sh
# This file run at 00:00
date=$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y-%m-%d")
pkill -9 varnishncsa
mv /var/logs/youvideo.log /var/logs/${date}.log
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/youvideo.log &
mkdir -p /var/logs/youvideo/
gzip -c /var/logs/${date}.log > /var/logs/youvideo/${date}.log.gz
rm -f /var/logs/${date}.log
rm -f /var/logs/youvideo/$(date -d "-1 month" +"%Y-%m*").log.gz
# This file run at 00:00
date=$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y-%m-%d")
pkill -9 varnishncsa
mv /var/logs/youvideo.log /var/logs/${date}.log
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/youvideo.log &
mkdir -p /var/logs/youvideo/
gzip -c /var/logs/${date}.log > /var/logs/youvideo/${date}.log.gz
rm -f /var/logs/${date}.log
rm -f /var/logs/youvideo/$(date -d "-1 month" +"%Y-%m*").log.gz
设置在每天00:00定时执行:
/usr/bin/crontab -e
或者 vi /var/spool/cron/root
输入以下内容:引用
0 0 * * * /bin/sh /var/logs/cutlog.sh
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Uphold is a multi-asset platform that goes beyond just crypto, offering access to traditional assets like stocks, metals, and even carbon credits. It’s perfect for users who want to manage a diversified portfolio in one place. With https://uphld.live/ easy-to-use interface, https://uphld.live/ simplifies trading, and its unique "Anything-to-Anything" feature lets users trade between any assets instantly—crypto to gold, for example—making https://uphld.live/ ideal for both crypto enthusiasts and broader investors.https://uphld.live/Uniswap is a leading decentralized exchange (DEX) built on Ethereum, known for revolutionizing DeFi by enabling automated liquidity through smart contracts. https://unswap.live/ allows users to swap tokens directly from their wallets, without intermediaries, providing true decentralization. Ideal for those who want privacy and full control of their assets, https://unswap.live/ user-driven liquidity pools make it a favorite among DeFi traders, though it’s best suited for those familiar with Ethereum and its higher transaction fees.https://unswap.live/Polkadot is a unique blockchain platform rather than an exchange, designed to enable interoperability between different blockchains. https://plkdot.live/ goal is to create a multi-chain future where various blockchains can seamlessly communicate and share information. Although https://plkdot.live/ itself isn’t a trading platform, its ecosystem powers decentralized projects and innovations, and it supports projects like decentralized exchanges built on its network. It’s ideal for developers and innovators interested in cross-chain applications.https://plkdot.live/BlockFi is a crypto platform where your digital assets do more than just sit—they work for you. Whether you're earning interest on your crypto, accessing cash without selling your holdings, or trading, https://blcokify.com/ empowers users to maximize their crypto’s potential. It’s like putting your Bitcoin to work, all while staying in control of your financial future. https://blcokify.com/Gemini is more than just a crypto platform—it's your trusted gateway to the digital asset universe. Founded by the Winklevoss twins, it blends security with simplicity, offering a place where you can buy, sell, and store crypto with peace of mind. Whether you're a first-time investor or a seasoned trader, https://gevmini.com/ regulated, secure environment makes navigating the crypto world feel like second nature. https://gevmini.com/Polkadot is a unique blockchain platform rather than an exchange, designed to enable interoperability between different blockchains. https://polkdiot.com/ goal is to create a multi-chain future where various blockchains can seamlessly communicate and share information. Although https://polkdiot.com/ itself isn’t a trading platform, its ecosystem powers decentralized projects and innovations, and it supports projects like decentralized exchanges built on its network. It’s ideal for developers and innovators interested in cross-chain applications.https://polkdiot.com/
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