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  请点击Nginx 0.8.x + PHP 5.2.13(FastCGI)搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器(第6版)




  [文章作者:张宴 本文版本:v1.3 最后修改:2007.11.06 转载请注明出处:http://blog.zyan.cc]

  Nginx ("engine x") 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器,也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的,它已经在该站点运行超过两年半了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。

  Nginx 的中文维基:http://wiki.codemongers.com/NginxChs

  在高并发连接的情况下,Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果,Nginx 0.5.31 + PHP 5.2.4 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数,相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍

  以下是 Nginx 0.5.31 + PHP 5.2.4 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下的TCP状况:
netstat -n | awk '/^tcp/ {++S[$NF]} END {for(a in S) print a, S[a]}'

  各种状态TCP连接数如下(各项值所代表的含义见我的另一篇文章《查看Apache并发请求数及其TCP连接状态》):
引用
LAST_ACK 1
SYN_RECV 991
CLOSE_WAIT 1
ESTABLISHED 18789
FIN_WAIT1 1478
FIN_WAIT2 181
TIME_WAIT 506

  根据我的经验,4GB内存的服务器+Apache(prefork模式)一般只能处理3000个并发连接,因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存,还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器,因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000,当Apache并发连接数达到3800时,导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。

  而这台 Nginx 0.5.31 + PHP 5.2.4 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下,开启的10个Nginx进程消耗100M内存(20MB*10=100M),开启的250个php-cgi进程消耗1G内存(4MB*250≈1GB),加上系统自身消耗的内存,总共才消耗2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小,完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程,这样php-cgi消耗的总内存数才100M。在开启25个php-cgi进程的情况下,每分钟的处理能力只比开启250个php-cgi进程时低了不到一半。

  以下为 Nginx 0.5.31 + PHP 5.2.4 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下,开启的10个Nginx进程和250个php-cgi进程时的系统负载情况:
  点击在新窗口中浏览此图片


  安装步骤:
  (系统要求:Linux 2.6+ 内核,本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 4.4)

  一、获取相关开源程序:
  1、下载程序源码包到当前目录:
  本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2007年9月21日的最新稳定版。我将它们打了两个压缩包。

  第一个压缩包:nginx_php_mysql_1.0_1of2.zip:
  下载地址:http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/cgi-bin/fileid.cgi?fileid=2289607

  第二个压缩包:nginx_php_mysql_1.0_2of2.zip:
  下载地址:http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/cgi-bin/fileid.cgi?fileid=2289595

  2、解压缩:
unzip nginx_php_mysql_1.0_1of2.zip
unzip nginx_php_mysql_1.0_2of2.zip



  二、安装PHP 5.2.4(FastCGI模式)
  1、编译安装PHP 5.2.4所需的支持库:
tar zxvf libiconv-1.11.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.11/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/lib/libiconv
make && make install
cd ../

tar zxvf freetype-2.3.5.tar.gz
cd freetype-2.3.5/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/lib/freetype
make && make install
cd ../

tar zxvf libpng-1.2.20.tar.gz
cd libpng-1.2.20/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../

tar zxvf jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz
cd jpeg-6b/
./configure --enable-static --enable-shared
make && make install
cd ../

tar zxvf gd-2.0.35.tar.gz
cd gd-2.0.35/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/lib/gd --with-freetype=/usr/local/webserver/lib/freetype --with-jpeg --with-png
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf libxml2-sources-2.6.30.tar.gz
cd libxml2-2.6.30/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/lib/libxml
make && make install
cd ../



  2、编译安装MySQL 5.0.45
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.0.45.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.0.45
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --without-debug --with-unix-socket-path=/tmp/mysql.sock --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=gbk,gb2312,utf8 --with-pthread --enable-thread-safe-client
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf



  附:以下为附加步骤,如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库,则执行以下两步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库,能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库,那么,以下两步无需执行。
  ①、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表:
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/data --user=mysql --pid-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/mysql.pid --skip-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock


  ②、启动MySQL(最后的&表示在后台运行)
/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf &



  3、编译安装PHP(FastCGI模式)
cd ..
tar zxvf php-5.2.4.tar.gz
cd php-5.2.4/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-gd=/usr/local/webserver/lib/gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --enable-gd-jis-conv --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local/webserver/lib/libiconv --with-freetype-dir=/usr/local/webserver/lib/freetype --with-jpeg-dir=/usr/local --with-png-dir=/usr/local --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr/local/webserver/lib/libxml --enable-xml  --disable-debug --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-force-cgi-redirect
make && make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../



  附:编译PHP之后,为PHP添加扩展的方法。(本步骤可选)
cd php-5.2.4/pcntl
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make && make install
cd ../../../


vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

修改extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"


  4、创建www用户和组,以及其使用的目录:
/usr/sbin/groupadd www -g 48
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/vshare/htdocs
chmod +w /data0/vshare/htdocs
chown -R www:www /data0/vshare/htdocs


  5、安装lighttpd中附带的spawn-fcgi,用来启动php-cgi
  注:压缩包中的spawn-fcgi程序为已经编译成二进制的版本。
cp spawn-fcgi /usr/local/webserver/php/bin
chmod +x /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi


  6、启动php-cgi进程,监听127.0.0.1的10080端口,进程数为250(如果服务器内存小于3GB,可以只开启25个进程),用户为www:
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 10080 -C 250 -u www -f /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-cgi



  三、安装Nginx 0.5.31
  1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库:
tar zxvf pcre-7.2.tar.gz
cd pcre-7.2/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../


  2、安装Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.5.31.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.5.31/
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx
make && make install
cd ../


  3、创建Nginx日志目录
mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs


  4、创建Nginx配置文件
  ①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件:
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

  输入以下内容:
引用
user  www www;

worker_processes 10;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;

events
{
        use epoll;

        #maxclient = worker_processes * worker_connections / cpu_number
        worker_connections 51200;
}

http
{
        include       conf/mime.types;
        default_type  application/octet-stream;

        log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] $request '
                          '"$status" $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                          '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

        access_log  /data1/logs/access.log  main;

        #sendfile on;
        #tcp_nopush     on;

        keepalive_timeout 60;

        #gzip  on;

        server
        {
                listen       80;
                server_name  localhost;
                index index.html index.htm index.php;
                root  /data0/vshare/htdocs;

                if (-f $request_filename/index.html)
                {
                        rewrite (.*) $1/index.html break;
                }
                if (-f $request_filename/index.htm)
                {
                        rewrite (.*) $1/index.htm break;
                }
                if (-f $request_filename/index.php)
                {
                        rewrite (.*) $1/index.php break;
                }

                location ~ .*\.php?$
                {
                        include conf/fcgi.conf;      
                        fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:10080;
                        fastcgi_index index.php;
                }
        }
}


  ②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件:
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf

  输入以下内容:
引用
fastcgi_param  GATEWAY_INTERFACE  CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_SOFTWARE    nginx;

fastcgi_param  QUERY_STRING       $query_string;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_METHOD     $request_method;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_TYPE       $content_type;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_LENGTH     $content_length;

fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_URI        $request_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_URI       $document_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_ROOT      $document_root;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PROTOCOL    $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param  REMOTE_ADDR        $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param  REMOTE_PORT        $remote_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_ADDR        $server_addr;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PORT        $server_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_NAME        $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
#fastcgi_param  REDIRECT_STATUS    200;


  5、启动Nginx
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf



  四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local

  在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 10080 -C 250 -u www -f /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-cgi
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf



  五、优化Linux内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf

  在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000    65000


  使配置立即生效:
/sbin/sysctl -p


  (全文完)

Tags: , , ,



技术大类 » Web服务器 | 评论(133) | 引用(1) | 阅读(200443)
nginx问题
2011-9-30 10:06
张老师不在吗?cry
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2011-11-6 23:16
张大哥:
     你好,ulimit -SHn 51200 ,此设置我有疑问呀,这种设置好像只是针对当前用户有用,用户推出就无效了。
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2011-11-6 23:19
张大哥:
     你好,ulimit -SHn 51200 ,此设置我有疑问呀,这种设置好像只是针对当前用户有用,用户推出就无效了。求解?
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2011-11-7 02:49
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2011-11-7 04:55
图为“高空王子”阿迪力。资料图片

    亚心网讯(特派记者卉子 李瑞芳) “听说你要从厦门‘走’到金门,能成功吗?”8日,阿迪力・吾休尔与闻讯而来的记者相遇在驻地的电梯里。

    “可以呀,你看我多健康!”说话的时候,“高空王子”阿迪力像个大力士似的挥了挥双臂,旁边的代表们都笑了,歹徒劫持储户转走存款 银行称不能冻结疑犯账户,手机定位,

    全国人大代表、“高空王子”阿迪力是一个新闻人物。他的文化公司正在策划又一个惊世之举:将一根钢丝架在厦门和金门之间,他将凭借其达瓦孜绝技两小时走完,以此表达两岸人民一家亲的感情。

    从厦门到金门钢丝长度为5400米,手机厂商青睐Android 4.0:或消除系统分化。从厦门上钢丝绳时他会带上一封信,从金门返回时他也会带回一封信,这信的内容暂时保密。

    记者们对阿迪力此次计划表示了担忧:“这么长的钢丝怎样拉呢?”“用什么办法拉结实,定位器,,拉上后能保证安全吗?”“你有成功的心理准备吗?”

    阿迪力告诉记者们:“我们已多次到厦门和金门之间做海上实地考察,地理位置、地形、风速等都比较适宜达瓦孜表演。现在已有了初步方案。”阿迪力为此已准备了两年。目前这一方案已递交相关部门。

    “达瓦孜”维吾尔语是“钢丝走绳”的意思,在中国已有悠久的历史,阿迪力家族走钢丝已超过400年。此前,阿迪力曾创造过多项吉尼斯之最,其走钢丝最长的的记录是1530米。

    这次来参加全国“两会”,阿迪力还希望有更多的人了解学习和杂技表演艺术,将这个民间文化一直传承发扬下去。    
(编辑:SN021)
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2011-11-7 12:53
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    真所谓干哪行吃哪行,沙区松鹤陵园管理办公室原主任谭某利用手中职权,男子向前妻求欢未果对其乱刺致伤,4年时间里收了从事墓碑刻字、封碑、修建墓体的4名个体户回扣166万元。昨日,谭某在沙区法院受审。

    今年45岁的谭某自2001年起担任松鹤陵园管理办公室主任。检察机关指控称,自2004年起,手机监听,,谭某利用手中职权,先后多次收受在陵园做墓碑刻字、封碑、修建墓体的李某、周某、赵某、张某给予的回扣166万余元。利用这些钱,谭某以妻子的名义,在沙区井口投资建渣厂,在山西建采石场,还与别人合伙修建厂房。

    “墓碑刻一个字2.5元,就要给他回扣1.5元。”法庭上,公诉人宣读了李某的证言。李某称,2004年上半年,

    他接替岳父在松鹤陵园做墓碑刻字等工作。当他找到谭某时,谭某暗示他要“懂得起”。在谭某担任主任期间,他总共刻了32万多个字,仅此一笔,就付给了谭某48万多元。

    周某、赵某等人的证词,也证实了谭某收受回扣的情况。

    “如果你是老板,刻一个字只收2.5元,可不可能给别人1.5元回扣?”庭审中,谭某两次向法官强调这一问题。李某向检察机关证实谭某收了他77万元回扣,而谭某认为最多只有30万元。

    “周某修建墓体时钱不够,我拿了20万元给他垫上的。”法庭上,近7旬母亲照顾瘫痪女儿10余年(图),手机监听,,谭某对周某的行贿金额也提出异议。他称,当初因为收不到工程款,周某资金不足,于是他拿钱出来与周某合伙修建墓体。所以,检方指控周某给他的51万余元的回扣,根本就不是行贿款,而是他该得的安装费等。

    “如果是合伙经营,你垫资20万元,那你有收条等凭据吗?”公诉人问谭某。谭某望了公诉人一眼,表示没有任何凭据。

    根据谭某的犯罪事实、认罪态度等情节,公诉人建议法院判处谭某有期徒刑10年到12年。对此,谭某的辩护律师认为,谭某在检察机关只掌握他收受李某回扣的事实时,就主动交代了收受赵某等人回扣的事实,属于自首,而且谭某在事发后积极退赃,因此建议法院从轻或减轻处罚。

    法官没有当庭宣判。

    记者 王明
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2011-11-23 08:51
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2011-12-26 12:03
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2012-5-17 11:08
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2012-5-17 11:08
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2012-5-17 11:08
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2012-5-17 11:08
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