一个发送HTML邮件的PHP函数[原创]
Nginx 0.5.33 + PHP 5.2.5（FastCGI）搭建胜过Apache 10倍的Web服务器（第2版）[原创]
2007-11-29 22:11 | by
[文章作者：张宴 本文版本：v1.2 最后修改：2008.01.02 转载请注明出处：http://blog.zyan.cc]
我曾经写过一篇文章──《初步试用Squid的替代产品──Varnish Cache网站加速器》，但当时仅仅是用着玩，没做深入研究。
今天写的这篇关于Varnish的文章，已经是一篇可以完全替代Squid做网站缓存加速器的详细解决方案了。网上关于Varnish的资料很少，中文资料更是微乎其微，希望本文能够吸引更多的人研究、使用Varnish。
在我看来，使用Varnish代替Squid的理由有三点：
1、Varnish采用了“Visual Page Cache”技术，在内存的利用上，Varnish比Squid具有优势，它避免了Squid频繁在内存、磁盘中交换文件，性能要比Squid高。
2、Varnish的稳定性还不错，我管理的一台图片服务器运行Varnish已经有一个月，没有发生过故障，而进行相同工作的Squid服务器就倒过几次。
3、通过Varnish管理端口，可以使用正则表达式快速、批量地清除部分缓存，这一点是Squid不能具备的。
下面来安装Varnish网站缓存加速器（Linux系统）：
1、创建www用户和组，以及Varnish缓存文件存放目录（/var/vcache）：
2、创建Varnish日志目录（/var/logs/）：
3、编译安装varnish：
4、创建Varnish配置文件：
输入以下内容：
这里，我对这段配置文件解释一下：
(1)、Varnish通过反向代理请求后端IP为192.168.0.5，端口为80的web服务器；
(2)、Varnish允许localhost、127.0.0.1、192.168.0.***三个来源IP通过PURGE方法清除缓存；
(3)、Varnish对域名为blog.zyan.cc的请求进行处理，非blog.zyan.cc域名的请求则返回“Zhang Yan Cache Server”；
(4)、Varnish对HTTP协议中的GET、HEAD请求进行缓存，对POST请求透过，让其直接访问后端Web服务器。之所以这样配置，是因为POST请求一般是发送数据给服务器的，需要服务器接收、处理，所以不缓存；
(5)、Varnish对以.txt和.js结尾的URL缓存时间设置1小时，对其他的URL缓存时间设置为30天。
5、启动Varnish
6、启动varnishncsa用来将Varnish访问日志写入日志文件：
7、配置开机自动启动Varnish
在末尾增加以下内容：
8、优化Linux内核参数
在末尾增加以下内容：
再看看如何管理Varnish：
1、查看Varnish服务器连接数与命中率：
2、通过Varnish管理端口进行管理：
用help看看可以使用哪些Varnish命令：
3、通过Varnish管理端口，使用正则表达式批量清除缓存：
(1)、例：清除类似http://blog.zyan.cc/a/zhangyan.html的URL地址）：
(2)、例：清除类似http://blog.zyan.cc/tech的URL地址：
(3)、例：清除所有缓存：
4、一个清除Squid缓存的PHP函数（清除Varnish缓存同样可以使用该函数，无需作任何修改，十分方便）：
附1：Varnish官方网站：http://www.varnish-cache.org/
附2：2007年12月10日，我写了一个每天0点运行，按天切割Varnish日志，生成一个压缩文件，同时删除上个月旧日志的脚本（/var/logs/cutlog.sh）：
/var/logs/cutlog.sh文件内容如下：
设置在每天00:00定时执行：
我曾经写过一篇文章──《初步试用Squid的替代产品──Varnish Cache网站加速器》，但当时仅仅是用着玩，没做深入研究。
今天写的这篇关于Varnish的文章，已经是一篇可以完全替代Squid做网站缓存加速器的详细解决方案了。网上关于Varnish的资料很少，中文资料更是微乎其微，希望本文能够吸引更多的人研究、使用Varnish。
在我看来，使用Varnish代替Squid的理由有三点：
1、Varnish采用了“Visual Page Cache”技术，在内存的利用上，Varnish比Squid具有优势，它避免了Squid频繁在内存、磁盘中交换文件，性能要比Squid高。
2、Varnish的稳定性还不错，我管理的一台图片服务器运行Varnish已经有一个月，没有发生过故障，而进行相同工作的Squid服务器就倒过几次。
3、通过Varnish管理端口，可以使用正则表达式快速、批量地清除部分缓存，这一点是Squid不能具备的。
下面来安装Varnish网站缓存加速器（Linux系统）：
1、创建www用户和组，以及Varnish缓存文件存放目录（/var/vcache）：
/usr/sbin/groupadd www -g 48
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /var/vcache
chmod +w /var/vcache
chown -R www:www /var/vcache
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /var/vcache
chmod +w /var/vcache
chown -R www:www /var/vcache
2、创建Varnish日志目录（/var/logs/）：
mkdir -p /var/logs
chmod +w /var/logs
chown -R www:www /var/logs
chmod +w /var/logs
chown -R www:www /var/logs
3、编译安装varnish：
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/varnish/varnish-1.1.2.tar.gz
tar zxvf varnish-1.1.2.tar.gz
cd varnish-1.1.2
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/varnish
make && make install
tar zxvf varnish-1.1.2.tar.gz
cd varnish-1.1.2
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/varnish
make && make install
4、创建Varnish配置文件：
vi /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf
输入以下内容：
引用
backend myblogserver {
set backend.host = "192.168.0.5";
set backend.port = "80";
}
acl purge {
"localhost";
"127.0.0.1";
"192.168.1.0"/24;
}
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
if (!client.ip ~ purge) {
error 405 "Not allowed.";
}
lookup;
}
if (req.http.host ~ "^blog.zyan.cc") {
set req.backend = myblogserver;
if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD") {
pipe;
}
else {
lookup;
}
}
else {
error 404 "Zhang Yan Cache Server";
lookup;
}
}
sub vcl_hit {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
set obj.ttl = 0s;
error 200 "Purged.";
}
}
sub vcl_miss {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
error 404 "Not in cache.";
}
}
sub vcl_fetch {
if (req.request == "GET" && req.url ~ "\.(txt|js)$") {
set obj.ttl = 3600s;
}
else {
set obj.ttl = 30d;
}
}
set backend.host = "192.168.0.5";
set backend.port = "80";
}
acl purge {
"localhost";
"127.0.0.1";
"192.168.1.0"/24;
}
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
if (!client.ip ~ purge) {
error 405 "Not allowed.";
}
lookup;
}
if (req.http.host ~ "^blog.zyan.cc") {
set req.backend = myblogserver;
if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD") {
pipe;
}
else {
lookup;
}
}
else {
error 404 "Zhang Yan Cache Server";
lookup;
}
}
sub vcl_hit {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
set obj.ttl = 0s;
error 200 "Purged.";
}
}
sub vcl_miss {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
error 404 "Not in cache.";
}
}
sub vcl_fetch {
if (req.request == "GET" && req.url ~ "\.(txt|js)$") {
set obj.ttl = 3600s;
}
else {
set obj.ttl = 30d;
}
}
这里，我对这段配置文件解释一下：
(1)、Varnish通过反向代理请求后端IP为192.168.0.5，端口为80的web服务器；
(2)、Varnish允许localhost、127.0.0.1、192.168.0.***三个来源IP通过PURGE方法清除缓存；
(3)、Varnish对域名为blog.zyan.cc的请求进行处理，非blog.zyan.cc域名的请求则返回“Zhang Yan Cache Server”；
(4)、Varnish对HTTP协议中的GET、HEAD请求进行缓存，对POST请求透过，让其直接访问后端Web服务器。之所以这样配置，是因为POST请求一般是发送数据给服务器的，需要服务器接收、处理，所以不缓存；
(5)、Varnish对以.txt和.js结尾的URL缓存时间设置1小时，对其他的URL缓存时间设置为30天。
5、启动Varnish
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/varnish/sbin/varnishd -n /var/vcache -f /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf -a 0.0.0.0:80 -s file,/var/vcache/varnish_cache.data,1G -g www -u www -w 30000,51200,10 -T 127.0.0.1:3500 -p client_http11=on
/usr/local/varnish/sbin/varnishd -n /var/vcache -f /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf -a 0.0.0.0:80 -s file,/var/vcache/varnish_cache.data,1G -g www -u www -w 30000,51200,10 -T 127.0.0.1:3500 -p client_http11=on
6、启动varnishncsa用来将Varnish访问日志写入日志文件：
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/varnish.log &
7、配置开机自动启动Varnish
vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下内容：
引用
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/varnish/sbin/varnishd -n /var/vcache -f /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf -a 0.0.0.0:80 -s file,/var/vcache/varnish_cache.data,1G -g www -u www -w 30000,51200,10 -T 127.0.0.1:3500 -p client_http11=on
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/youvideo.log &
/usr/local/varnish/sbin/varnishd -n /var/vcache -f /usr/local/varnish/vcl.conf -a 0.0.0.0:80 -s file,/var/vcache/varnish_cache.data,1G -g www -u www -w 30000,51200,10 -T 127.0.0.1:3500 -p client_http11=on
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/youvideo.log &
8、优化Linux内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下内容：
引用
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000
再看看如何管理Varnish：
1、查看Varnish服务器连接数与命中率：
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishstat
2、通过Varnish管理端口进行管理：
用help看看可以使用哪些Varnish命令：
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishadm -T 127.0.0.1:3500 help
引用
Available commands:
ping [timestamp]
status
start
stop
stats
vcl.load
vcl.inline
vcl.use
vcl.discard
vcl.list
vcl.show
param.show [-l] []
param.set
help [command]
url.purge
dump.pool
ping [timestamp]
status
start
stop
stats
vcl.load
vcl.inline
vcl.use
vcl.discard
vcl.list
vcl.show
param.show [-l] []
param.set
help [command]
url.purge
dump.pool
3、通过Varnish管理端口，使用正则表达式批量清除缓存：
(1)、例：清除类似http://blog.zyan.cc/a/zhangyan.html的URL地址）：
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishadm -T 127.0.0.1:3500 url.purge /a/
(2)、例：清除类似http://blog.zyan.cc/tech的URL地址：
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishadm -T 127.0.0.1:3500 url.purge w*$
(3)、例：清除所有缓存：
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishadm -T 127.0.0.1:3500 url.purge *$
4、一个清除Squid缓存的PHP函数（清除Varnish缓存同样可以使用该函数，无需作任何修改，十分方便）：
附1：Varnish官方网站：http://www.varnish-cache.org/
附2：2007年12月10日，我写了一个每天0点运行，按天切割Varnish日志，生成一个压缩文件，同时删除上个月旧日志的脚本（/var/logs/cutlog.sh）：
/var/logs/cutlog.sh文件内容如下：
引用
#!/bin/sh
# This file run at 00:00
date=$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y-%m-%d")
pkill -9 varnishncsa
mv /var/logs/youvideo.log /var/logs/${date}.log
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/youvideo.log &
mkdir -p /var/logs/youvideo/
gzip -c /var/logs/${date}.log > /var/logs/youvideo/${date}.log.gz
rm -f /var/logs/${date}.log
rm -f /var/logs/youvideo/$(date -d "-1 month" +"%Y-%m*").log.gz
# This file run at 00:00
date=$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y-%m-%d")
pkill -9 varnishncsa
mv /var/logs/youvideo.log /var/logs/${date}.log
/usr/local/varnish/bin/varnishncsa -n /var/vcache -w /var/logs/youvideo.log &
mkdir -p /var/logs/youvideo/
gzip -c /var/logs/${date}.log > /var/logs/youvideo/${date}.log.gz
rm -f /var/logs/${date}.log
rm -f /var/logs/youvideo/$(date -d "-1 month" +"%Y-%m*").log.gz
设置在每天00:00定时执行：
/usr/bin/crontab -e
或者 vi /var/spool/cron/root
输入以下内容：引用
0 0 * * * /bin/sh /var/logs/cutlog.sh
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rogerr
2021-11-22 18:01
Thank you for sharing such a useful post. office.com/setupoffice.com/setup
lucysmith
2021-11-22 19:46
Facebook is an immensely popular social media platform that is loved by users across the world. From uploading pictures, videos, sending friend requests, or making new friends, Facebook has everything that can keep you informed and updated. However, the users of witness technical snags when they want to recover a disabled facebook account. Now, you must know that you can simply reactivate your account at any time just by logging back into Facebook or just by using your account anywhere. https://www.gethumanhelp.com/how-to-recover-a-disabled-facebook-account/
sarah
2021-11-22 20:56
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ij.start canon
2021-11-23 16:18
Get started to Canon inkjet setup with guidelines of ij.start.canon site. Check and learn the best and easy methods to set up Canon printer hardware download and install the Canon ij setup. The site is based on the computer operating system where you can find an online manual and guide. ij.start canon |ij.start cannon | ij.start canon
olivilajhon08
2021-11-23 18:54
A new purchased Canon printer needs to be set up. First, ensure you’ve installed the latest drivers and software from a valid siteThe wireless and wired models require drivers and software; therefore, each has to undergo one important installation process.https://istartsetup.com/https-ij-start-cannon/
mshhaid
2021-11-23 23:57
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Mark
2021-11-24 16:55
The users of Arris Router face different sorts of technical snags as they are unable to find the Arris Router Login Password. Now, the default username is admin, and the Arris default password is password. Now, just after you connect, you can simply change a few settings, which is dependent on your Arris Device Model, which also includes passwords, wireless connection settings, and other information.
alicebrown
2021-11-24 19:25
Yahoo, which is a popular and authentic email service provider, also has a few technical snags like Yahoo Mail not receiving emails. Now, facing these kinds of technical issues are common yet could be fixed if you do follow certain important steps. Now, if you are facing any such issue, you must check your internet connection, clear the cache and cookies, make sure you used the correct credentials. By following and implementing a few important steps, you can fix your problem. https://www.contactyahoo.us/blog/yahoo-mail-not-receiving-emails/
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